<p>The Logan Square Boulevards Historic District is a linear historic district in the Logan Square community area of North Side, Chicago. It encompasses 2.5 mi of the Chicago boulevard system.</p><br>
<p>The district includes sections of Logan Boulevard, Kedzie Avenue, and Humboldt Boulevard. It also includes two parks, Logan Square and Palmer Square, which connect the boulevards.</p><br>
<p>Grassy medians run down the center of the boulevards; the medians and the two squares both provided recreational areas for residents and drew development to the area. Logan Square also includes the Illinois Centennial Monument, which was erected in 1918 to celebrate Illinois&#39; centennial.</p><br>
<p>The boulevards pass through residential areas and are lined with homes in a variety of architectural styles. Some of the most common designs are sandstone Romanesque houses, gray stone Victorian houses, and brick buildings with Tudor Revival and Prairie School styles.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1985. It was named a Chicago Landmark on November 1, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Mount Madia-as  is a dormant volcano, it is the highest peak on the island of Panay, Philippines. Its summit is 2,117 m above sea level, it is covered by misty forest. In Kinaray-a, the name means "high" or "lofty". It is located in the town of Culasi in Antique Province. According to the legend as told by the local folks, it is home for a deity named Bulalakaw  who serves as the guardian of the mountain. The legendary mountain of Madia-as has been part of Antiqueño&#39;s culture, history and literature. It has a total of 14 waterfalls and the source of two major rivers in Northern Antique Dalanas River, Tibiao River and neighboring province of Aklan the tributary of Aklan River. One can see some of the biggest waterfalls like white strands in the slopes of the mountain. To the southeast Mount Madia-as facing rival Mount Nangtud the second highest peak in Panay separated by Dalanas River.</p><br>
<p>The Faunce–McMichael Farm, also known as the James Cosset McMichael Farm or the William H. and Shirley A. Billings Farm, is a farm located at 11126 M68 in Burt Lake, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1875, pioneer Ezra Faunce homesteaded this property. Faunce was one of the first European settlers in the area, and served in multiple offices in the township and school district. In 1881, he constructed the barn located on this property, which is one of the oldest barns in the township. In 1895, James McMichael purchased the farm from the Faunce family. In 1900, he built the farmhouse that now stands on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Faunce–McMichael Farm is a complex of buildings located on about seventeen acres. The buildings include the 1881 barn, the 1900 farmhouse, a chicken house, and a former pumphouse / shop building. The house is a two-story wooden frame structure with a two-story, side-gable front section and a 1-1/2-story rear ell. The barn is a New England barn, commonly used on smaller farms throughout Michigan in the nineteenth century. The barn is virtually unaltered from its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>The W. A. Strain Farm–Strain House is a farmstead located in Lancaster, Texas, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the W. A. Strain House in 1978. A boundary increase in 2001 expanded the area covered from 2 acres to 163 acres and the property listing name was changed to W. A. Strain Farm–Strain House.</p><br>
<p>The Strain House is an example of late Victorian architecture. It was designed by J. E. Flanders & Moad of Dallas. This firm also designed the Trinity Methodist Church in Dallas, and the Shackelford County Courthouse, which is part of an historic district in Albany, Texas. Joe Lyon built the house in 1896. The -story frame structure includes a gabled wood-shingle roof, and the brick foundation has an asymmetrical plan.</p><br>
<p>The Strain Farm is believed to be the oldest working farm in Dallas County and is one of a small number of farms owned and operated for more than 100 years by a single family. The heirs of W. A. Strain have continued to live in the old family home, maintaining it with very few alterations and much of the original furnishings still intact.</p><br>
<p>The Newton–Allaire House is a private house located at 337 Dresser Street in Cheboygan, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archibald and Carl Newton (descendants of Sir Isaac Newton) purchased the island of Saint Helena, near the Straits of Mackinac, in 1853. The brothers (married to sisters of Chippewa decent) developed the island into a fuel and supply stop for passenger and cargo ships traveling through the straits. The venture proved successful, and they used the profits to establish commercial interests in Cheboygan. In 1870, Archibald Newton was elected village president.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Archibald Newton (a widower) constructed this house as a wedding present for his second wife, Cornelia Allaire. Archibald Newton died in 1892, and Cornelia in 1916. Cornelia willed the house to her brother, Joseph Allaire Jr., who moved in that year. The house remained in the Allaire family for 127 years. In 2013, the home reverted back into the Newton side of the family when the home was purchased by the great-great grandson of A.P. Newton.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story red brick Italianate structure with a hip roof. The symmetrical facade is three bays wide, and includes rounded arch windows with brick lintels and keystones above. Carved bracketry supports the wide eaves. At the peak of the roof sits a cupola (or belvedere) with its own rounded arch windows and hip roof supported at the eavesline with bracketry. A wide porch wraps around the first floor of the house. A projecting side-wall houses a bay window and entryway. A modern gable-roof garage is connected to the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>Manning Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Manning, Clarendon County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 46 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Manning, county seat for Clarendon County. Manning&#39;s downtown is dominated by its 1909 Neo-Classical, red brick courthouse set at the center of a landscaped courthouse square. The commercial district is characterized by one- and two-part commercial block buildings, many of them brick, that were constructed during the late-19th and early-20th century. The buildings are characterized by oblique and angled entrances, intriguing decorative cornices and corbeling, and a preponderance of parapeted rooflines give the Manning Commercial Historic District a clear and unmistakable association with the architecture typical of the early-20th century. In addition to the courthouse, other notable buildings include the USA Post Office and Federal Building, Coffey-Rigby Livery Stable, Clarendon Furniture Store, Leonard Building, Manning Hotel, Brailsford Grocery / Schwartz Building, Cut Rate Drug Store, and Pure Oil Service Station.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Mound Cemetery is a historic cemetery, located just outside Arkansas City, Arkansas in Desha County. The oldest portion of the cemetery, dating to the 1860s, is located on top of a Mississippian culture mound, one of the few places the early American settlers of the area found to be safe from periodic flooding by the Mississippi River. It is located off County Road 351, about one-half mile outside Arkansas City, and about 3 mi from the river.</p><br>
<p>The mound was probably created sometime between 1200 and 1600 AD. It was reported in the 19th century that people digging new graves would find artifacts and older human remains. The oldest dated grave is that of Rachel Horton, who died March 15, 1866. The cemetery contains 78 historic graves, and continues to be used for burials.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Oberried Estate  is an estate in the municipality of Belp in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oberried was built in 1735-6 in the Rococo style for Victor von Fischer (1709-1750), a grandson of the founder of the Fischerpost postal service. The von Fischer (also von Reichenbach) family first appear in Bern in the 13th century. While they held many offices in the city, they only became truly wealthy after Beat Fischer founded his postal business. Victor&#39;s son, Gottlieb Fischer, expanded the estate, building a large ballroom and adding extensive gardens around the house. He added a Gloriette in the garden, the only one in the Canton of Bern. In 1853 the family sold the estate and it passed through numerous owners until the Familie von Fischer Foundation acquired it. In 2000-01 the building was renovated and now hosts cultural events such as concerts, readings, theater and dance recitals.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Town Hall, at 10 Highland Street, is the town hall of Ashland, New Hampshire. The 1.5 story brick building was built in 1871, three years after Ashland separated from Holderness, which had retained its town hall. The building is a distinctive Victorian interpretation of a typical New England town hall, with round-arch Italianate style windows, and transom and round-arch windows above the double doors that form the entry on the front facade. The porch that shelters the front entry is a later addition, although its arched surround is sympathetic to the building&#39;s other elements. The lower level of the interior, originally a large hall, has been extensively altered to provide space for an increasing number of town offices, while the upper level auditorium space is relatively little altered.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Swansea Friends Meeting House and Cemetery, at 223 Prospect Street in Somerset, Massachusetts, are a pair of religious properties believed to include the oldest extant Quaker meetinghouse in the state, with the oldest surviving meetinghouse form in which the pulpit and entrance face each other across the building&#39;s short dimension . The oldest portion of the building dates to 1702, when Somerset was part of Swansea. Originally only 24 ft wide, the building was significantly enlarged in 1746, adding side bays and a second floor gallery. In the 19th century the balconies were closed off to provide office space. The cemetery adjacent to the meetinghouse is also believed to be of great age; its oldest dated marker is 1831, but 18th century Quaker practice did not generally include the laying of markers, so there are likely a number of unmarked early graves.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Pondville Cemetery, located on Everett Street, is one of the two oldest cemeteries in Norfolk, Massachusetts. It was established c. 1757, when Norfolk was still part of Wrentham, and now abuts the town line of the two communities. It was established to serve the residents of the Pondville village, which was first settled in the 1730s. The cemetery is laid out on a series of terraces that rise from Everett Street to the west, with the oldest graves in the southwest corner, near the Wrentham line. The oldest stones date to the early 19th century, and one of the most prominent markers is the c.1877 Victorian memorial to Captain Abijah Pond, an American Revolutionary War veteran.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Ruffett Wood and Big Wood are adjoining woods with a total area of 7 hectare on the border of the London Borough of Sutton, close to the village of Woodmansterne. Big Wood is to the south and Ruffett Wood  is to the north. They are owned by Sutton Council and managed by the Woodland Trust. They are designated a Local Nature Reserve and a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1. The woods are the largest continuous area of woodland in the borough of Sutton.</p><br>
<p>Ruffett Wood is mainly sycamore, with some ash and hazel. It has some plant species indicative of ancient woodland, such as bluebells, dog&#39;s mercury and sanicle. Big Wood is even more dominated by sycamore, and has two large oaks, but due to shading by a high canopy it lacks indicator species apart from one stand of wood anemone. The site also has numerous bird species.</p><br>
<p>There is access from Richland Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Santee Indian Mound and Fort Watson is a historic archaeological site located near Summerton, Clarendon County, South Carolina. Santee Indian Mound was part of a Santee mound village complex; it was probably a burial and/or temple mound, likely constructed in some cultural period between 1200-1500.</p><br>
<p>The fortification, British American Revolutionary War post Fort Watson, was built from 30 to 50 feet high atop the mound. In 1780, Francis Marion and Light Horse Harry Lee decided to capture the fort in the Siege of Fort Watson. Fort Watson was the first fortified British military outpost in South Carolina recaptured by patriot forces after the British occupation of 1780. There are no remains of Fort Watson on the site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Today it is located in the Santee National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>The Will Rogers Theatre and Commercial Block is a historic theatre and commercial building located at 705-715 Monroe Avenue in Charleston, Illinois. The theatre, named for entertainer Will Rogers, was built in 1935 and opened in 1938. The Art Deco building was the first Art Deco structure in Charleston and is the only existing Art Deco commercial building in Coles County and the six counties it borders. The front facade of the building is decorated with colored terra cotta tiles which form yellow, red, and black stripes. The theatre has a tall tower over its entrance which supports the top of its neon marquee. The interior decorations, which also have an Art Deco influence, include recessed lighting and flowered and geometric patterns painted on the ceiling by hand.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Hiram Rutherford House and Office is a historic house located at 14 S. Pike St. in Oakland, Illinois. The house was built in 1846 for Dr. Hiram Rutherford, a doctor who settled in Oakland in 1840. Rutherford was one of the first settlers in the village, which was then known as Independence. Rutherford&#39;s house had an L-shaped I-house plan with Greek Revival details, including triangular pediments at the ends of its gable roof.</p><br>
<p>Rutherford was also known as an active abolitionist and was the defendant in the Matson Slave Trial in 1847. Kentucky slaveholder Robert Matson had brought his slaves to his farm near Oakland, and after the slaves escaped to Rutherfords house, Matson sued to recover his slaves. Abraham Lincoln defended Matson in the trial, the only known case in which Lincoln defended a slaveholder. The court ruled that Matsons slaves were freed, as Matson held them in the state and slavery was illegal under state law.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Fifteenth Street and Oklahoma Avenue Brick Street is a 4.3 mi section of brick pavement on Fifteenth Street and Oklahoma Avenue in Mattoon, Illinois. The section of pavement covers eight blocks of Fifteenth Street and one block of Oklahoma Avenue at the south end of the Fifteenth Street section. The H. W. Clark Company paved the streets in 1924. The company first laid a concrete substructure and concrete curbs. An intermediate layer of sand and tar was laid on top of the concrete, and the bricks were placed on top of this layer. The segment of brick street accounts for nearly all of Mattoon&#39;s remaining brick streets, as less than 20% of its original 22.1 mi brick street system has not been paved over with asphalt.</p><br>
<p>The street was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Agriculture and Food Agency  is the agency of the Council of Agriculture of the Taiwan .</p><br>
<h2>Organizational structure</h2><br>
<h3>Operational divisions</h3><br>
<p>*Planning Division</p><br>
<p>*Crop Production Division</p><br>
<p>*Farm Chemicals and Machinery Division</p><br>
<p>*Marketing and Processing Division</p><br>
<p>*Food Industry Division</p><br>
<p>*Food Warehousing and Transportation Division</p><br>
<h3>Administrative divisions</h3><br>
<p>*Secretariat</p><br>
<p>*Civil Service Ethics Office</p><br>
<p>*Statistics Office</p><br>
<p>*Accounting Office</p><br>
<p>*Personnel Office</p><br>
<h2>Branches</h2><br>
<p>*Northern Regional Office in Taoyuan City</p><br>
<p>*Central Regional Office in Changhua County</p><br>
<p>*Southern Regional Office in Tainan City</p><br>
<p>*Eastern Regional Office in Hualien County</p><br>
<h2>List of Directors</h2><br>
<p>*Li Tsang-lang (17 June 2011 -)</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The agency is accessible within walking distance East from Shandao Temple Station of Taipei Metro.</p><br>
<p>The Forestry Bureau is the agency of the Council of Agriculture of the Taiwan .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Forestry Bureau was originally established in 1945 as Office of Forestry Administration. In June 1947, the administration was decommissioned and Forestry Administration Division was established. The division was then reorganized on 15 February 1960 to form the Forestry Bureau.</p><br>
<h2>Organizational structure</h2><br>
<h3>Operational divisions</h3><br>
<p>* Forest Planning Division</p><br>
<p>* Forest Administration Division</p><br>
<p>* Watershed Management Division</p><br>
<p>* Reforestation and Production Division</p><br>
<p>* Conservation and Recreation Division</p><br>
<p>* Conservation Division</p><br>
<h3>Administrative divisions</h3><br>
<p>* Secretariat</p><br>
<p>* Personnel Office</p><br>
<p>* Accounting Office</p><br>
<p>* Civil Service Ethics Office</p><br>
<h2>Branch offices</h2><br>
<p>* Luodong Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Hsinchu Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Dongshi Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Nantou Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Chiayi Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Pingtung Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Taitung Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Hualien Forest District Office</p><br>
<p>* Aerial Survey Office</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The agency is accessible within walking distance East from Shandao Temple Station of Taipei Metro.</p><br>
<p>The Starr Hotel is a historic hotel building located at 1913-1923 Western Avenue in Mattoon, Illinois. Businessman George M. Custer built the hotel in 1888. The hotel primarily housed workers on Mattoons three railroads: the Illinois Central, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis , and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville. Mattoons economy was primarily based on railroad traffic; the city expanded greatly after the Illinois Central and Big Four opened in the 1850s, its railroad yards employed hundreds of workers, and multiple industries grew in Mattoon due to its railroad access. While the hotel mainly housed railroad workers, it also catered to other working-class groups, such as seasonal broom corn workers and hobos. The hotel became a boarding house in the 1920s, and its upper floors closed entirely in the 1960s; its first floor is still a commercial property. The building is one of two surviving working-class hotels in Mattoon.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection  is the administrative agency of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Taiwan  responsible for standardization, metrology and product inspection in Taiwan.</p><br>
<h2>Branch offices</h2><br>
<p>* Keelung Branch</p><br>
<p>* Hsinchu Branch</p><br>
<p>* Taichung Branch</p><br>
<p>* Tainan Branch</p><br>
<p>* Kaohsiung Branch</p><br>
<p>* Hualien Branch</p><br>
<h2>Institutions</h2><br>
<p>* National Standards Review Council</p><br>
<p>* Information and Communication National Standard Promotion Committee</p><br>
<p>* National Standards Technology Committees</p><br>
<p>* Electronic Information Exchange Committee</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The BSMI headquarter office is accessible within walking distance North East from National Taiwan University Hospital Station of Taipei Metro.</p><br>
<p>The Hampstead Farm Archeological District is the site of a significant collection of Native American prehistoric and historic settlement remains in rural Orange County, Virginia. A survey of the farm&#39;s 780 acre in 1983 identified 49 different sites of archaeological interest. Sites were found near the adjoining Rapidan River, as well as in upland areas of the farm. Along with sites found at the nearby Montpelier estate, the upland sites demonstrate the significance of that area in Native American occupation patterns. Test pits dug near the river located well-preserved settlement sites at a depth of up to 2 m. The farm is also the location of minor military fortifications from the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The Hampstead Farm site was listed as an archeological historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984; the farm was also included as a contributing element to the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District in 1991, although this was principally for its architectural and scenic merit.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sharon is an historic estate house and plantation remnant in rural Orange County, Virginia. Located off Route 600 about 4 mi northeast of the city of Orange, the Mount Sharon estate house is a two story Georgian Revival house built of concrete and faced in brick. It was designed in 1937 by Louis Bancel LaFarge for Mr. and Mrs. Ellsworth Augustus, on a plantation they purchased in 1935 from the Taliaferro family, which had owned it since the early 18th century. The Augustuses demolished the deteriorating Victorian-era plantation house on the site to build the house, which has restrained exterior styling, and high quality interior woodwork designed by LaFarge.</p><br>
<p>The property, consisting of the estate house, several outbuildings from the 1930s, and 77.5 acre of surrounding land (reduced from the more than 1,000 that made up the original plantation), was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish Cemetery of New Bedford, Massachusetts is located in the far north of the city, on Old Plainville Road, just north of New Bedford Regional Airport. The cemetery was established in 1898 as the principal burying ground for two congregations, Chesed Shel Emes and Ahavath Achim. It is the second Jewish cemetery in the city; the first, a small section of Peckham West Cemetery, was filled up in the 1890s. The developed portion of the cemetery lands is about 13 acre, with another 24.5 acre that is undeveloped forest. The cemetery land is now owned by a number of organizations: the Tifereth Israel congregation owns about 19 acre, Ahavath Achim owns 5.25 acre, and two small parcels are owned by other organizations. Entrances to the cemetery are marked by stone posts with bronze plaques.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. It is noted for its significance with the growth of the Jewish community in New Bedford, and for its encapsulation of changing Jewish funerary customs, and their difference from those of other ethnic and religious groups.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver House, also known as the Smith-Oliver House, is a historic house at 58 Oak Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts. Probably built in the late 18th century, this Federal period house is distinctive for its association with the now-suburban area&#39;s agrarian past, and as a two-family residence of the period, with two "Beverly jogs". The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Oliver House is located at the northwest corner of Oak Street and Crosby Road in the Greenwood section of southern Wakefield. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and clapboard siding. The entrance, at the center of the south-facing facade, is flanked by fluted pilasters, and is topped by a transom window and projecting lintel. The rear of the house has several additions built under a roof that slopes down to the first floor, giving the house a saltbox profile. The outer additions extend beyond the sides of the main block, a local example of a "Beverly jog". These additions each added a kitchen to the building. The interior of the house has well-preserved Federal period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>Long thought to have been built in the mid-18th century, stylistic analysis suggests that it was more likely built in the late 18th century. It is built on land that was first settled in the 17th century by the Smith family. In the late 18th century, the property went through a rapid succession of owners, and it may be that this house was built by William Williams, not long after his marriage and purchase of the property in 1797. Williams died in 1813, leaving his wife and eight minor children. It is thought that additions to make multi-family living in the house possible date to after that time. The house was sold in 1814 to Ezekiel Oliver in 1814, the widow retaining a share of the house. The house would be used by multiple families, or extended families, or families with boarders, for more than 150 years.</p><br>
<p>The Jewett-Kemp-Marlens House is a historic house on North Road in Alstead, New Hampshire. The 1.5 story Cape style house was built sometime between 1798 and 1803, with a kitchen wing added onto one side in 1830. The house stands at the effective end of North Road, an unpaved road that was once a main road between Keene and Acworth. The building was restored in 1996, principally to conserve the artwork of Moses Eaton, an itinerant folk art stenciler, that is on its walls. The stencilwork was probably applied not long after the houses construction, and was protected from damage by alterations in the 1860s that doubled the thickness of the walls as protection against the severe weather conditions that sometimes afflict the area. Although this caused some damage to this artwork, the five walls that have been stenciled are among the best preserved of Eatons work.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Unity Church, now known as Trinity Episcopal Church, is a historic church located at 2200 Western Avenue in Mattoon, Illinois. Mattoons Unitarian congregation built the church in 1872. The church was built with red brick with stone decorations and a wooden cornice. A rectangular bell tower stands at the churchs southeast corner; the tower is louvered and contains two bells. The churchs main entrance is located at the bottom of the tower. The churchs nave is on the south side of the church; the nave features a wheel window and a large stained glass window with a wheel and two arches. The top of the nave and bell tower is decorated with corbelled brickwork. Mattoon&#39;s Unitarian congregation disbanded in the 1900s, and the church is now occupied by an Episcopal congregation</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 19, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Express Agency Building was a historic building located at 1804 Western Avenue in Mattoon, Illinois. The building was constructed in 1918 to serve as the Mattoon office of the Railway Express Agency. The Railway Express Agency provided rail express shipping services to Mattoons citizens, allowing them to ship money and packages along Mattoons two major railways, the Illinois Central Railroad and Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis . The agency formed in 1917, when the federal government ordered that all existing express services consolidate into a single service; this measure ensured consistent shipping of goods during World War I. The agency shipped goods to and from Mattoon until 1964, when the Big Four went bankrupt; the building served as a freight depot until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1994. It fell into disrepair due to disuse, however, and was demolished in July 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Roytek House is a historic house located at 3420 Richmond Avenue in Mattoon, Illinois. Local businessman Richard Roytek built the house for his family in 1949-50. The house has a ranch style design with Prairie School details; Roytek chose this design after visiting Harlingen, Texas in 1948. The single-story house has the characteristic low profile and gently sloping roof of the ranch style. In addition, the house has large picture windows on its front facade and an attached garage, both common features of ranch-style houses. The houses Prairie School features include its use of wood and stone, its horizontal limestone exterior, its overhanging eaves, and its wide chimney. The house is one of roughly twelve ranch-style houses in Mattoon which predate the citys ranch-style subdivisions developed in the mid-1950s.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 2011.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site  is a heritage-listed archaeological site at 116 Lamington Avenue, Eagle Farm, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It operated between 1829 and 1839 on the site now part of the Australia TradeCoast, previously the Brisbane Airport. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the Register of the National Estate and is also included on the Queensland Heritage Register. The site is historically important as one of a small number of convict sites remaining in Queensland with surviving original fabric (even though only as an archaeological deposit).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Female convicts sent to the Moreton Bay penal settlement (who, like the men, were double offenders) were originally housed in a women&#39;s gaol, or Female Factory, in Queen Street, Brisbane, on the site of the present General Post Office, Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In September 1829 Commandant Patrick Logan of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement founded a secondary agricultural establishment at Eagle Farm approximately eight miles from Brisbane. One hundred and fifty men were deployed to clear the scrub. By January 1832 about 680 acres (272.5 hectares) were under cultivation with mostly maize and some potatoes, some cattle and pigs were also being raised. Working so near the Eagle Farm swamp caused a noticeable increase in malaria amongst the convicts, but despite calls for its abandonment, the farm was maintained. By 1836, 768 acres (307.2 hectares) had been cleared, but no more than 46 acres (16.4 hectares) were under cultivation. Prangley in "The Eagle Farm agricultural establishment" was unable to be definitive on this issue, saying the amount of actual area under cultivation "remains unclear".</p><br>
<p>The impetus to move the women convicts from Queen Street to Eagle Farm was their proximity to the main male population in Brisbane, which led to sexual forays between the women and soldiers and officials of the colony, despite the high stone walls of the factory being topped with broken glass. These forbidden fraternisations intensely annoyed the penal colonys Commandant, Captain Foster Fyans. Women caught were put in solitary confinement in tiny cells, put in irons or had their heads shaved. Patrick McDonald was replaced as supervisor for having aided and abetted access by amorous constables. In August 1836 Fyans caught the colonys Chief Constable climbing over the walls by means of an "ingenious ladder", which prompted him to reduce the numbers of women in Brisbane Town to 14 of the oldest.</p><br>
<p>There are conflicting reports about when the first female convicts started working at the farm and factory. The Queensland Heritage Register says by 1830, the Australian Heritage Database says by 1834. Prangley notes there is mention of three dairywomen in the work list for 1828, but these may have been associated with the principal colony farm at New Farm. All sources agree by 1836 there were 40 women, when conditions of the farm and factory were documented by the Quaker missionaries James Backhouse and George Walker.</p><br>
<p>Women worked in the fields and in the prison, doing needlework, laundry, unpicking ropes and even in road construction. Several timber slab buildings included the farm superintendents house, a two-room building for male prisoners who did heavy work, the Matrons Quarters, a female factory with four rooms and sundry separate buildings including a one-room store, a one-room school and a one room hospital. The cook house had two rooms, one being a needle room where prisoners worked at sewing. The actual prison where women were locked up at night was a building containing six cells with a tall stockade or pallisade type fence, the outer wall 5.2m high poles, the tops of which were sharpened.</p><br>
<p>Stationing female felons at Eagle Farm was an attempt to reduce fraternisation between the women and male convicts and the military, with the latter being forbidden to cross the bridge at Breakfast Creek. Despite these precautions, assignations were frequent, occurring in the long grass around the farm.</p><br>
<p>In the first years of the penal settlement there was a substantial population of local Aborigines in the area, their numbers depending on the season. In April 1836 Dr Robertson, the penal surgeon, wrote of the long road between Brisbane and Eagle Farm passing through "the fishing ground of a tribe of aboriginal natives; at seasons of the year they are very dangerous and troublesome." This was at odds with the observations of Commandant Cotton the following year who wrote "the tribes which occupy the lands immediately adjacent to Brisbane Town, after an acquaintance of several years, come amongst us in confidence, a good understanding prevails between them and us… These tribes were formerly extremely hostile…".</p><br>
<p>By August 1836 the number of women at the original female factory in Queen Street had increased to 76. By the end of June 1836 the construction of strong slab cells at Eagle Farm was considered necessary and in 1837 all female prisoners in Brisbane Town were removed to Eagle Farm. By November 1838 the decision had been taken to abandon the Moreton Bay penal settlement and the numbers of convicts, both men and women, started declining rapidly as the penal settlement began to wind up.</p><br>
<p>By March 1839 the Eagle Farm Womens Prison and Factory consisted of a Supervisors cottage with walls plastered internally and externally, with detached slab kitchen at rear. A two-roomed hut occupied by male convicts and two-roomed hut serving as matron&#39;s quarters, with another room under construction and a slab kitchen at rear. All were slab buildings including the Female Factory which comprised a number of four-roomed accommodation buildings; a store, a school, a hospital (plastered) and workhouse, each of one room; a two-roomed building housing the cook house and needle room; and a block of six cells. The area was surrounded by a double fence, the outer being a stockade of strut poles with sharp tops, 17 feet (5.2 metres) high, 320 feet (97 metres) long and 311 feet (94 metres) deep.</p><br>
<p>In May 1839 the remaining 57 convict women were shipped to Sydney and the penal settlement at Eagle Farm was effectively closed, becoming a government cattle station by 1841. In 1841 the superintendent&#39;s quarters were occupied by assistant surveyor Robert Dixon and then briefly by Stephen Simpson, Commissioner for Crown Lands. In 1842 the land was surveyed, put up for public auction and subsequently farmed.</p><br>
<p>From the 1840s to the 1930s the land was used for mixed farming including citrus fruit, dairying, cattle grazing, and small crops. Aborigines were known to raid produce and dwellings in the vicinity of Brisbane including small farms from Breakfast Creek to Eagle Farm, mostly in the period 1845-54 after the penal settlement was closed down and the area was opened to white settlers. In 1850, 31 Aborigines armed with spears and waddies descended on Breakfast Creek and dug up the potatoes of Martin Frawley, the former convict miller turned farmer.</p><br>
<p>The buildings on the womens prison site were demolished at an unknown date.The superintendents house was thought to have survived until at least 1890.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the land was acquired by the Australian Government for an aerodrome, the Eagle Farm Airport. In 1925 a hangar was built for government use and in 1927 a hangar was built for Qantas. Aviation pioneers such as Charles Kingsford Smith, Charles Ulm, Bert Hinkler and Amy Johnson used the airport. The site ceased operation as an aerodrome in 1931, although it continued to be used for gliders. However, in World War II, the site was refurbished in 1942 as a major airbase for the US Pacific Military Command. This involved covering the site with fill of variable depth. After the war, in 1949 Eagle Farm became Brisbanes main airport, known as Brisbane Airport. In 1988 the airport closed again, aviation moving to the present Cribb Island site as Brisbane International Airport. The womens prison site then became an open grassed area.</p><br>
<p>The site remains one of only six surviving in Brisbane from the convict period, with the former Moreton Bay penal settlement being one of only seven sites in Australia associated with secondary punishment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The old Eagle Farm airport, of which the site of the former Eagle Farm convict settlement forms part, is bounded on the south by Lamington Avenue and the Pinkenba Railway, to the east by Viola Place, to the west by the Gateway Arterial Road, to the north-west by a drainage channel and to the north-east by Lomandra Drive and Cassia Place. The land in the centre of the area is now flat and featureless, apart from remnant structures from WWII and the remains of runways from the post- war development of the airport.</p><br>
<p>Virtually none of the old airport area exists as it did prior to European settlement. Only the foundations of the Eagle Farm Settlement survive, having been covered with fill in 1942.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Womens Prison and Factory Site is significant as one of few sites surviving in Brisbane from the convict period and a remnant of only seven sites associated with secondary punishment in Australia. Further, the Womens Prison and Factory Site is one of even fewer sites, both in Brisbane and in the national context, associated specifically with female felons.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site is significant as one of the earliest sites of building activity in Queensland, initial construction having occurred within 5 years of the establishment of the settlement of Brisbane Town.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site has potential to reveal substrata evidence of a number of factors including the administration of the convict system in the final years of transportation, the confinement and punishment of female convicts, building materials and construction technology and artefacts associated with the activities, occupations and social status of groups and individuals.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the Eagle Farm Women&#39;s Prison and Factory Site is associated with early historical figures such as New South Wales Governor, Ralph Darling and Commandant Logan.</p><br>
<p>The Forrest J. Stimpson House, also known as the Mackinaw City Marine Recording Station, is a private house that was located at 516 N. Huron Boulevard in Mackinaw City, Michigan; it has been moved from its listed location. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Forrest J. Stimpson was the Mackinaw City postmaster and American Express agent. He constructed this house in 1882. He also operated a marine recording station from his house along the lakeshore, recording the passage of vessels through the straits and contacting the appropriate shipping companies via Western Union to inform them of the ship&#39;s current location. Stimpson drowned in 1888 while delivering mail to a ship. His widow, Luella, remarried John Overton; in 1895 the couple constructed additions onto the front of the original house. An attached kitchen was constructed in 1912. The Stimpson House remained in private hands.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Forrest J. Stimpson House is a two-story wood frame house sided with clapboard. The original section, used as Stimpson&#39;s marine recording station, is a square, two-story building with a gable and a recessed entryway at one corner. The 1895 additions fronting the original building are single-story Italianate gable roofed sections, with brackets under the eaves, a bay window, and carved window framing. A cobblestone chimney is located near the bay window and a simple shed roofed porch shelters the entryway.</p><br>
<p>The Kinzelyuk Waterfall  is probably the highest waterfall in Russia, after the elusive Talnikovy Waterfall .</p><br>
<p>The waterfall is located in the eastern part of the Kuraginsky District, near the border with the Irkutsk Oblast, in the sparsely populated region of Siberia known as Tofalaria.</p><br>
<p>The stream flows out of the Lake Kinzelyuk, which occupies the summit of the Kinzelyuk Mountain, with a height of 1601 meters. The water falls into the small Lower Kinzelyuk Lake, which feeds the Kinzelyuk River, a tributary of the Kizir River.</p><br>
<p>The Kinzelyuk Mountain is part of the Kinzelyuk Ridge, the westernmost spur of the Agulski Belki mountains. The entire mountainous region is known as the Eastern Sayan Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Adams Farm is a historic farmhouse on MacVeagh Road in Harrisville, New Hampshire. The farmhouse sits on an extensive farmstead in southern Harrisville with commanding views of Mount Monadnock. The oldest portion of the house, a 1.5 story wood frame structure, dates to c. 1780 and was built by Moses Adams, Jr. This structure was attached to a much larger, three story, wood frame house built in 1862. This house is basically Greek Revival in appearance, although its front door treatment appears to date from later in the 19th century, and its shutters have 20th century Colonial Revival design. The house remained in the hands of Adams descendants until the 1920s, when the property was purchased by Charles MacVeagh, who owned the nearby Fasnacloich estate. MacVeagh used the Adams Farm as an extension of Fasnacloich, stabling horses there and using his farming staff to work the land.</p><br>
<p>The house and a small plot of land around it were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The John Adams Homestead/Wellscroft is a historic farmstead off West Sunset Hill Road in Harrisville, New Hampshire. The oldest portion of the farms main house is a 1.5 story wood frame structure built in the 1770s. It is one of the least-altered examples of early Cape style architecture in Harrisville, lacking typical alterations such as the additions of dormers and changes to the window sizes, locations, and shapes. The only notable alteration is to the front door surround, made c. 1825 when an ell was also added to the house. One of the upstairs rooms also has stencilwork on its walls that may be the work of folk artist Moses Eaton, Jr., a Harrisville resident. Among the surviving outbuildings is a barn dating to the early 19th century. The propertys name, Wellscroft, derives from an early 20th century summer residence that was built in the property, and torn down in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The farmstead, including outbuildings and an area of roughly 2 acre distinct from the larger farm property, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Aldworth Manor, also known as the Arthur E. Childs House, is a historic summer estate house in rural Harrisville, New Hampshire. The house is located at the top of a hill at the end of Aldworth road, formerly the estate&#39;s access drive, and was one of the premiere estate houses of the early 20th century in the town. The house was originally built and located in Worcester, Massachusetts, to design by Worcester architects, the Fuller & Delano Company. The house was inherited by Arthur E. Childs, a Worcester native from a wealthy family, in the early 20th century. Childs had the house transported in pieces to Harrisville by train on seventeen railroad cars, and then hauled to the Chesham Hill Farm, where it was reassembled and restyled into a Renaissance villa.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the moving the house, Childs extensively landscaped the farm property, which was 500 acre at its greatest extent. The entry drive is flanked by rhododendrons Childs had imported, and built an elaborate terraced garden east of the house. Beyond the terraced garden is a swimming pool and pergola supported by Tuscan columns. South of the pergola is a garden house with tile roof and brick flooring. A carriage house from c. 1914 stands to the northwest of the main house.</p><br>
<p>The property has seen a variety of uses in the years since Childs built it. The property has been reduced in size, and the main house has had mainly institutional owners. It has been used as a sanatorium, served as campus for several educational institutions, including Thomas More School, a boys boarding school, in the 1960s, Antioch University New England, and as a missionary publishing house. These uses, necessitating alterations of the main houses interior, have to some extent compromised its integrity. The Mountain Missionary Society undertook some restorative work in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>A new owner purchased the manor in 2014 and began restoring it in 2015.</p><br>
<p>A 4 acre parcel including the main house and a number of outbuildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Pacopampa  is an archaeological site located in the northern highlands of Peru, in the department of Cajamarca. It presents the remains of a monumental ceremonial center, made with cut and polished stone. It belongs to the Formative period, dating from 1200 to 500 BC. The land where the reservoir extends belongs to the National University of San Marcos, which through its Rural Andean History Seminar cares permanently the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical location</h2><br>
<p>It is within the village of Pacopampa at 2140 m in the Querocoto District of the province of Chota, Cajamarca Region. It is among the largest ceremonial centers of the northern highlands of Peru. At its surroundings a dozen of archaeological sites have been identified, which a couple have been studied. These are called Chapel and El Mirador, located one kilometer east. Further, 3 km southeast, is Pandanche another Formative period ceremonial center.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>In the 1930s Rafael Larco Hoyle visited the area where samples were collected from the lithosculpture that then he brought it to his museum in Chiclín (Trujillo) and today it is found in the Larco Museum in Lima. He was the first to report, though brief manner on such findings on the site. Pacopampa was related to the Chavin culture when Tello made his theory about the origin of the Peruvian.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, Pablo Macera traveled to the archaeological site and investigated. Anxious to protect it, in 1970 succeeded Dr. Emilio Choy made a donation to the University of San Marcos so that it could acquire the land so that the excavations would start. Since then and through the Rural Andean History Seminar, the university has consistently care for the monument.</p><br>
<p>Hermilio Roses and Ruth Shady explored the architectural structure and conducted excavations (1970). By analyzing pottery they differed a stage prior to the Chavin influence Pacopampa-called Pacopampa (1200 BC), different from the one that follows, entitled Pacopampa-Chavin (700 BC).</p><br>
<h2>The Lady of Pacopampa</h2><br>
<p>In 2009 a team of archaeologists of the Pacopampa Archaeological Project, directed by Yuji Seki, announced the discovery of the tomb of a woman, presumably a person of great power in the area, from around 900 BC or so. The tomb, shaped like a boot, is very deep and had been in all that time free from looters or grave robbers.</p><br>
<p>The woman, now named "The Lady of Pacopampa" measured 155 cm and when she died she must&#39;ve been between 30 and 40 years of age. She had an artificially deformed skull and she was buried with rich grave goods composed by earmuffs, gold earrings, ceramic pots and seashell necklaces. It was also found that her skull was dipped in cinnabar. There are indications that she was buried before the construction of the ceremonial temple.</p><br>
<p>Fatumasin is a mountain in the district of Liquiçá in East Timor, a country occupying the eastern end of the island of Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Wallacea. The surrounding forest is called Hutan Gunung Maelulu in Indonesian. It is a 13,618 ha mountain forest  and forms one of the country’s Important Bird Areas.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mountain stands about 26 km south-west of the national capital of Dili. The forest ranges in elevation from about 800 m upwards to the 1369 m summit. The underlying rocks are non-calcareous and the forest is considered to be more species-rich than most others on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations of bar-necked cuckoo-doves, pink-headed imperial pigeons, yellow-crested cockatoos, jonquil parrots, streak-breasted honeyeaters, Timor friarbirds, black-breasted myzomelas, plain gerygones, fawn-breasted whistlers, green figbirds, olive-brown orioles, Timor stubtails, Timor leaf warblers, orange-sided thrushes, Timor blue flycatchers, blue-cheeked flowerpeckers and flame-breasted sunbirds.</p><br>
<p>The Civil Service Development Institute  is the agency of the Directorate-General of Personnel Administration of the Executive Yuan of the Taiwan  responsible to provide continuing learning opportunities that will develop civil servants with vision, a customer-oriented service attitude and a positive spirit of "expertise, responsibility and action" in Taiwan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>CSDI was originally established in 1968 as Training Center for Government Officials. On 22 January 1996, it was changed to Civil Service Development Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Organizational structure</h2><br>
<p>* Educational Affairs Division</p><br>
<p>* Counseling Division</p><br>
<p>* Research Division</p><br>
<p>* Secretariat</p><br>
<p>* Personnel Office</p><br>
<p>* Accounting Office</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The institute is accessible within walking distance North East from Taipower Building Station of Taipei Metro.</p><br>
<p>The Regional Civil Service Development Institute is the agency of the Directorate-General of Personnel Administration of the Executive Yuan of the Taiwan  responsible for the training of local public servants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The institute was originally established in July 1956 as Taiwan Province Training Corps in Taipei. In May 1997, it was renamed to Department of Civil Human Resources, Training and Development and moved to Chung Hsing New Village in Nantou City, Nantou County. In July 1999, it was finally renamed as Regional Civil Service Development Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Organizational structure</h2><br>
<p>* Education and Development Division</p><br>
<p>* Counseling and Extension Division</p><br>
<p>* eLearning Division</p><br>
<p>* Secretariat Office</p><br>
<p>* Personnel Office</p><br>
<p>* Accounting Office</p><br>
<p>Hickory Valley Historic District is a national historic district located at Walterboro, Colleton County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings in Walterboro. The majority of the properties in the district are residences constructed between 1821 and 1929 which includes a concentration of early homes dating from Walterboro’s heyday as a pineland resort village for lowcountry planters. The architectural styles in the district include Federal, Greek Revival, Victorian carpenter, Neo-Classical and Federal Revival. The district is important historically for its associations with Walterboro’s founders as well as with several generations of prominent Walterboro families.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Peter and St Paul in Wincanton within the English county of Somerset is a Grade II* listed building. The Church of St Peter and St Paul was almost totally rebuilt 1887-91 by J. D. Sedding, however parts of the tower may be remnants form an earlier church, dating from 1313, on the same site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little of the original church remains but it is known that in 1748 Nathaniel Ireson, a local architect built and paid for a new chancel, which has been removed in subsequent renovations, and carved several of the memorial tablets. In 1793 the tower was raised by 12 ft making it 50 ft high, five bells were cast and a sixth added.</p><br>
<p>Because of the state of the roofs, which are under repair, the church is included on the Heritage at Risk register.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The stone building has almost flat lead roofs behind parapets. It consists of a nave, chancel, north aisle and a double width south aisle, organ chamber, lady chapel, and north porch. The porch which was built in 1891 has a cavalry scene above the arch. The three-stage tower is supported by diagonal offset buttresses and a corner stair turret. The east window has stained glass by Clayton and Bell which was installed in 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Churchyard</h2><br>
<p>The churchyard includes a self designed and carved monument to Nathaniel Ireson who died in 1769. The statue in 18th century costume faces south west and stands on a square plinth inscribed to Nathanial Ireson and his family. The pedestal has been replaced since the original statue was erected. Another memorial, erected early in the 19th century is to Elliot Grasset Thomas and his family. Only the plinth with his coat of arms survives from the original structure.</p><br>
<p>The stone walls and gateways around the churchyard were built in 1818. The north east gateway is the largest of several entrances to the site.</p><br>
<p>The Amory Ballroom is the only surviving remnant of a large summer estate house off Old Troy Road in Dublin, New Hampshire. The original house, a palatial Italian villa, was built 1910-11 by the widow of William Amory, and was designed by Boston architect Charles Goodell. Of this construction, only the entrance hall survives; the ballroom, set behind the entrance hall, was designed by Harry Little and built 1926-27. The building is a stuccoed structure with five large round-arch bays with the main entrance in the center bay. The interior is decorated with tile from Henry Chapman Mercer&#39;s Moravian Pottery and Tile Works in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. The building faces a terrace that once housed a formal garden and swimming pool. The building is set near a private road on the slopes of Mount Monadnock.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Château du Verduron also known as the Château des Sphinx owes its original fame to Louis Blouin, who held the prominent position of head valet in the court of Louis XIV of France from 1704 until 1715. Other distinguished owners of the property included Victorien Sardou, the French dramatist and one-time mayor of the Parisian suburb of Marly-le-Roi.</p><br>
<p>The Château du Verduron is located on Place Victorien Sardou in Marly-le-Roi, a commune in the department of Yvelines. Initially a simple one-story structure, it passed through a succession of owners following its original construction. In the early 2000s, it was purchased by SCI Le Verduron. This company commissioned COGEMAD to completely restore the building under the direction of Emad Khashoggi, who also managed the Château Louis XIV project in Louveciennes and the restoration of the Palais Rose in Vésinet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of this property is rich and complex. In the Middle Ages, the current site of the Château du Verduron was occupied by the.</p><br>
<p>The property passed through a succession of owners. Legend has obscured details of the site’s history, in part due to some confusion between Jérôme Blouin and his brother Louis, the head valet of King Louis XIV. Some scholars believe that Louis XIV gave a portion of the former seigneurial domain to Louis Blouin, his head valet and the governor of Versailles and Marly, the two major royal castles of the period.</p><br>
<p>Others think that Louis Blouin acquired this property from Léon Bierry, the king’s close advisor, who also held the important financial office of contrôleur général des rentes in the Hôtel de Ville.</p><br>
<p>The GRAHAL study of 2002, which was based on notarized documents found in the National Archives and the Departmental Archives of Versailles, refer to Blouin as the owner of the property only after 1726, later than Louis XIV’s death</p><br>
<p>Prior to that date, the property was occupied by the daughter of Léon Bierry and her husband, named Fresson, who was an attorney serving in the parliament of Versailles. The couple apparently made substantial additions to the existing property. In 1722, Fresson’s heirs sold the domain to César-Pierre Landais de Soisel, Louis XIV’s councilor and secretary. He in turn provided a lifetime lease on the property to Blouin in 1726.</p><br>
<p>Blouin left a strong mark on this monument’s history, whatever the precise details of his occupancy there. Described as “the king’s favorite” and “the little patron,” Blouin was considered to be a man of taste and culture. He loved to surround himself with “everything of distinction in the world of arts and letters.” A visitor to the property in Marly would have encountered prominent figures of the era, including Coysevox, Racine, Boileau, Girardon, and Mignard.</p><br>
<p>After Blouin died in 1729, the Comtesse de Feuquières, the daughter of the painter Mignard and Blouin’s mistress, occupied the property until her own death in 1742.</p><br>
<p>The Comtesse de Vassé purchased the property in 1751 and lived there until she died in June 1768.</p><br>
<p>In 1769, the Comte de Jaucourt, the heir of the Comtesse de Vassé, sold the château to Augustin-Louis-Marie Rouillé, the chevalier and seigneur of Vaugien. That same year, Rouillé sold the usufruct of the property to Madame de Saint-Martin, whose husband obtained the right to exploit the ice ponds in the surrounding park. Subsequently, in 1781, Rouillé, ruined financially, also sold the bare ownership of the property to the Villemoriens. In 1784, they obtained full ownership by purchasing the rights of usufruct from the heir of the widowed Madame de Saint-Martin.</p><br>
<p>Monsieur de Villemorien, the Farmer General, and his wife, herself the daughter of a Farmer General, owned land separated from the Château du Verduron by a road through the Forest of Marly, a royal domain. They received permission to build a covered bridge over the road and thus enlarge their property. The residence was famed for the hostess’s opulent festivities and the distinguished guests who attended them, including Saint-Aubin, who immortalized these gala celebrations in his engraving Le Bal paré.</p><br>
<p>Madame de Villemorien, who had been widowed and subsequently remarried, sold the Château du Verduron to Charles-Michel Trudaine de la Sablière in 1792. He was arrested during the French Revolution and perished on the scaffold shortly thereafter. Sixteen heirs contested the estate, particularly the property in Marly. Ultimately, Citizen Augustin d’Herblez and his wife prevailed by purchasing the shares of the other heirs.</p><br>
<p>The Château changed hands again in 1797, bought by Marie-Joseph Bourgouin. The unoccupied residence was imperiled until its purchase by the Parisian banker Pierre-Antoine Ravel in June 1802. An anecdote from this period tells of the hunting expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte, then the First Consul, who had the gates of the abandoned park opened so that his company could ride through the chateau’s salon in pursuit of a stag.</p><br>
<p>Ravel’s heir sold the property one last time in 1838 to Anne-Elie-Marie de Montmorency-Luxembourg, a distant descendent of the. She occupied the properties of her ancestors under the Restoration, but only very briefly. Fearing death on the scaffold, she was bullied out of her ownership rights by her politically liberal neighbors, who were closely allied to Marly’s mayor. Upon her death, the property was retroceded by her heir to his relatives, Madame and Monsieur Béthune-Sully. They used the château as a private hospital for Madame Béthune-Sully, who suffered from dementia.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, “a wanderer, mounted on a donkey that bore him through the woods at will, suddenly had his steed halt at the edge of a broad hollow covered with an abundance of tasty thistles. Our wanderer, enchanted by the spot’s cool air and solitude, urged his mount through the lofty trees that edged the far side of the ditch, eager to discover what their dense foliage would reveal.” This “wanderer” was none other than the dramatist Victorien Sardou. He was captivated by the place. Ardently longing to own it, he achieved his goal in August 1863. He altered the appearance of the property, filling it with his collections and the gifts bestowed on him by admirers.</p><br>
<p>A celebrated playwright, he surrounded himself with a circle of performers and artists who flattered him and enthusiastically attended the lavish receptions he hosted in his residence in Marly. Victorien Sardou also became involved in the daily life of the commune of Marly, but he met his match when he attempted to organize a genuine “counter-revolution.” Despite this setback, he kept his beloved Château des Sphinx. When he died in 1908, the usufruct of the property was granted to his wife, while the bare ownership went to his four children. They recovered the right of usufruct when their mother died and sold the property to Bertrand-Louis-Eugène Mir.</p><br>
<p>When Mir died in 1930, his nieces inherited. At the conclusion of the division of the estate, only the Marquise de Gonet received ownership of the property. In 1940, the marquise divided the property into two lots, which she gave to her two daughters. One of the parcels was designated the “Château des Sphinx” and the other the “Orangerie.”</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the Château des Sphinx was sold to the insurance company AXA, which undertook the building’s restoration in the 1970s. Other companies subsequently owned the residence until it was purchased by its current owner, SCI Le Verduron.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Details of the architectural history of the Château du Verduron are also somewhat unclear.</p><br>
<p>The original core of the building dates from 1665, and is attributed to a certain Guillaume, a well-off Parisian. This original structure was initially modified when occupied by the Fressons.</p><br>
<p>According to C. Piton, a specialist in the history of Marly-le-Roi, the structure was unchanged between the time of its construction until the reign of Louis XIV, except for a few interior modifications during that king’s era. However, most writers speak of a simple original core structure that was enlarged by subsequent owners.</p><br>
<p>In 1720, the residence was described as a “country home.” It consisted of a ground floor, a main floor, and an attic. The building was apparently enlarged during Blouin’s tenancy, no doubt in accordance with the provisions of his life-time lease. Blouin was evidently authorized to transform the house “into a real little country chateau.” Again, there are conflicting architectural attributions. Some writers claim that Louis XIV commissioned Mansart himself to carry out the enhancements. Others believe that the alterations were based on plans by Lemoine. All agree that the dwelling boasted a “second pavilion in front.”</p><br>
<p>Further enlargement of the Château du Verduron is thought to have occurred under the ownership of the Comtesse de Vassé. She apparently added a new residential structure adjacent to the main building.</p><br>
<p>Madame de Villemorien subsequently altered the domain by connecting the Château du Verduron and another of her properties with a covered bridge above the road through the forest. She also restored the outbuildings. Finally, she linked the entry pavilion to the main part of the house, creating a space to serve as a library for her apparently extensive collection of books. But her single greatest transformation was the park, which had been a classically designed formal jardin à la française. In contrast, she designed a more naturalistic jardin à l’anglaise.</p><br>
<p>Left abandoned and on the brink of collapse by Marie-Joseph Bourgouin, the property was restored by Pierre-Antoine Ravel, who converted it into “a comfortable bourgeois residence.” He apparently added “picturesque” features to the park, including a thatched cottage and a grotto.</p><br>
<p>The property suffered additional indignities after the Restoration, when it was wrested from its owner by liberal party sympathizers. Anne-Elie-Marie de Montmorency was able to recover land by buying new parcels put up for sale by the municipality. However, the park and structures were profoundly altered in the process.</p><br>
<p>The next round of modifications was initiated by Victorien Sardou. He undertook some expansion and restoration work in the house, but devoted himself primarily to the park. He is to be credited for the new entrance with its monumental gate and the garden walk known as the “Allée des Sphinx” that gave the property its name of ”Château des Sphinx.” The impressive metal gate was given to Victorien Sardou by the Comédie Française; it is a copy of the one in front of the Orangerie in Versailles. The ten granite sphinxes that line the allée leading from the gate to the house were purchased by Sardou from the Sultan’s Pavilion in the 1867 Exposition Universelle. He also built a new Orangerie at the southwestern edge of the property.</p><br>
<p>Mir once again modified the château’s appearance by constructing a new entrance rotunda surmounted by a dome on the secondary façade. This rotunda and dome are prominent features in the current appearance of the Château du Verduron. SCI Le Verduron undertook a major campaign to restore the château, under the direction of the architect André Contenay.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, the château had been completely renovated by the insurance company AXA, which then occupied the premises. As was standard practice at the time, this work was carried out at the expense of authentic decorative elements that still existed at that time. Sculpted panels, cornices, and other moldings were eliminated in favor of more contemporary décor.</p><br>
<p>Between 1999 and 2001, COGEMAD, under the direction of Emad Khashoggi, was commissioned to carry out a complete restoration of the Château du Verduron. The building recovered its former appearance, reflecting the principles of seventeenth century architecture. That era’s noble materials have been restored, and the building now boasts marbles, gilding, sculpted wood paneling, parquet floors in the manner of Versailles, and fine masonry work.</p><br>
<p>The Palais Rose, located at 14 Allée des Fêtes at the corner of 12 rue Diderot in Vésinet in the department of Yvelines, was built in 1899, inspired by the Grand Trianon in Versailles. In 1986 it was added to the official ISHM listing of historical monuments.</p><br>
<p>The Palais Rose in Vésinet should not be confused with the “other” Palais Rose, which once stood on the Avenue Foch and was razed in the early 1970s. The two buildings did however share a number of features. Both structures were designed around 1900 in the “Grand Trianon” style.</p><br>
<p>The Palais Rose in Vésinet was built for the shipowner Arthur Schweitzer. Some ten subsequent owners, including notables such as Comte Robert de Montesquiou and the Marquise Luisa Casati, contributed to the fame of this dwelling, organizing lavish receptions there. Various owners succeeded one another until the property was purchased by an individual. It was then comprehensively restored in the 2000s under the direction of Emad Khashoggi, head of COGEMAD, who was also responsible for the Château Louis XIV project in the forest of Louveciennes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the sale of the Forest of Vésinet to the Société Pallu et Cie, known as the “Société des Terrains et des Eaux du Vésinet,” by the Ministre d’Etat de la Maison de l’Empereur, the shipowner Arthur Schweitzer, cousin of Dr. Albert Schweitzer, purchased two adjacent parcels overlooking the Lac des Ibis between 1899 and 1900. He commissioned a residence in the “Grand Trianon” style, which he later named the “Palais Rose.”</p><br>
<p>Schweitzer and his wife had little opportunity to enjoy the property. The shipowner declared bankruptcy and the Palais Rose was sold at auction on July 19, 1906. Ratanji Jamsetji Tata, an Indian Parsi businessman, was the winning bidder. Legend has it that he funded the purchase “by selling two pearls and an emerald.” He never occupied his prize. However, there was no question of bankruptcy in his case. Having gotten no use from the building in two years, Tata agreed to part with it, selling the property to a man of letters who had instantly fallen in love with the Palais Rose.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the poet Robert de Montesquiou first saw the house and declared: “If this house – which is not for sale and which my modest means would never allow me to buy – if this improbable, impossible, and nevertheless real house isn’t mine tomorrow, I’ll die!” The deed of sale was signed on October 29, 1908.</p><br>
<p>The house’s occupancy by the Comte de Montesquiou was among the longest and best documented periods in the history of the Palais Rose in Vésinet. The count was a stylish figure, who lived in the Palais Rose for almost twenty years until his death in 1921. A great collector, with “a hereditary sense of magnificence,” (to quote his own words), he furnished the dwelling with an array of exotic objects. These included rich furnishings, paintings, and objets d’art. A separate building called “l&#39;Ermitage” (“The Hermitage”) was built to house his impressive collection of books.</p><br>
<p>The resident of the Palais Rose was also famed for his magnificent receptions. Although he enjoyed his own festivities, the Comte de Montesquiou took a dim view of the municipal celebrations organized right next to his property in the Allée des Fêtes. He deemed these gatherings to be noisy and too “popular.”</p><br>
<p>Although visitors were not as frequent as they had been when the poet resided in the Pavillon des Muses in Neuilly – Vésinet was more distant from Paris – he still received many distinguished guests. Some were friends of the moment, or not yet well-known; others were young people mentored by the aging poet. Among them were Gabriele d’Annunzio, Ida Rubinstein, Claude Debussy, Colette, Rodin, Sarah Bernhardt, Maurice Rostand, Jean Cocteau and Cécile Sorel.</p><br>
<p>When Montesquiou died, all his property – including the Palais Rose – was left to his secretary, Henry Pinard. He sold most of the furniture and objects before selling the property itself in May 1923 to Luisa Amman, the separated wife of the Marquis de Casati. Fascinated by animals, Marquise Luisa de Casati collected snakes and birds. She dedicated a winter garden near the west wing’s grand salon to shelter her scaly and winged protégés. She also owned a “mechanical” stuffed panther that leaped and emitted flashes of light.</p><br>
<p>She also loved disguises and dyed her hair in an era where the practice was uncommon. Her predecessors’ festive gatherings had been remarkable, but the parties given by the Marquise de Casati left their own luminous memories It is said that she arranged dinners that were illumined by nothing but bulbs she wore as a necklace. Her homage to the magician Cagliostro is also recorded in the annals. She is remembered for a costume gala based on the theme of Louis XIV’s reign.</p><br>
<p>All these festivities came at a price, bringing about the marquise’s financial ruin. She was forced to abandon her furniture and home to creditors in 1934. The furnishings were sold at auction, which gave the Château de Versailles the opportunity to recover an enormous pink marble tub that had been purchased by Montesquiou and placed in his “Pavillon de l’Amour” in the garden. The house was handed over to Auguste-Eustache Leprévost, a creditor of Luisa Amman (the Marquise de Casati), who was ostensibly acting on behalf of the Société civile du Palais Rose.</p><br>
<p>The company attempted to resell the Palais Rose to the municipality of Vésinet. This effort failed in 1936. In order to settle the marquise’s debts, the Société civile du Palais Rose decided to divide the domain to maximize its options, and the property was split into eight lots.</p><br>
<p>Lot no. 1, comprising the Palais Rose and the Ermitage, was purchased by Olivier Scrive in 1938. Together with his family, he attempted to reconstitute the property, restoring it to the state in which it was left by the Comte de Montesquiou in 1921 by buying four additional lots. In 1948, Olivier Scrive sold the Palais Rose to the Société Nouvelle du Palais Rose, of which he was the majority shareholder. He kept the Ermitage for his own use.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the Battle of France, Général de Gaulle, en route to take command of the Fourth Armored Division, accepted Mr. Scrive’s hospitality. The general stayed at the Ermitage of the Palais Rose from May 12 to 15, 1940. A plaque mounted on the building and visible from rue Diderot commemorates this occasion.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the plan for the municipality of Vésinet to purchase the property was revived by, the wife of the famous painter Maurice Utrillo. She proclaimed to anyone who would listen that the municipality was about to acquire the property for the couple’s use; in exchange, they would bequeath Maurice Utrillo’s paintings to the town. Due to failures of communication between the parties concerned, the plan never came to fruition.</p><br>
<p>When Olivier Scrive died in 1955, the Ermitage remained jointly owned by his heirs until they sold it in 1972 to Arnaud d’Aboville. It seems that Josephine Baker was among the ranks of potential purchasers, but she died before the sale. The Palais Rose itself, owned by the Société Nouvelle du Palais Rose, was sold to Maurice Blumental and Geneviève Leroy in May 1981. They also bought the Ermitage in April 1982, thus almost reconstituting the property as it had been in the days of Robert de Montesquiou.</p><br>
<p>The Palais Rose was purchased in the late 1990s by SCI Palais Rose. With the aim of restoring the complex, which had been registered as an historical monuments, this company requested the agency GRAHAL to perform a study. This work inaugurated an immense project during which Emad Khashoggi, heading up his company COGEMAD, completely restored and enlarged the Palais Rose. He scrupulously preserved the high quality of the site as recorded in the ISMH, the listing of regional historic monuments, on July 11, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The name of the original architect of the Palais Rose in Vésinet is unknown. The residence was built in the style of the Grand Trianon, and was inspired by that palace’s architecture. Each subsequent owner contributed distinctive touches to the monument. Initially, when the Schweitzers were in residence, the main façade overlooking the Lac des Ibis on the east side of the building seems to have been particularly faithful to its model. Rectangular in shape, with just one level, it has two wings and a broad staircase with the same number of steps as in the one in the Grand Trianon. The facade features nine arched French windows separated by Ionic style pilasters of pink marble. There is also a similar entablature bordered by a balustrade. This ground floor consists of an enfilade of formal rooms (salons, dining room, and library). The owners’ private apartments (bedroom, boudoir or antechamber, and bathroom) were on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The rear façade had nothing in common with the Grand Trianon. It was built over a sub-basement and provided various service areas (kitchens, laundry room, boiler room, and servants’ bedrooms). To connect the upper and lower parts of the building, there were two intermediate level areas in the structure’s wings, which overlook the garden.</p><br>
<p>The main floor originally had reception rooms with fifteen foot ceilings richly ornamented with boiseries and moldings. The dwelling’s only master bedroom was also on this level. A very steep little staircase located in one of the halls gave access to a lower level where service areas such as the kitchen and laundry room had ceilings scarcely 7 feet high. All these lower rooms were provided with very tiny windows opening onto the garden.</p><br>
<p>This architecture remained virtually unchanged until the 1980s. The modifications to the structure made by its various occupants were confined to interior decoration and redesign of the park until that date.</p><br>
<p>Tata evidently made no changes to the residence or the park. This is scarcely surprising, since he never occupied the residence. Robert de Montesquiou’s influence is more in evidence. A number of interior ornaments suggest that the poet left his mark on the house. The furnishings and decorative objects played a primary role in creating a personalized atmosphere, and he also added his family coat of arms. The “M” that adorns the fireplace over-mantel in the grand salon is one conspicuous example. He also redesigned the park. Having purchased a pink marble tub that had served as Madame de Montespan’s bath, Montesquiou built a “Pavillon de l’Amour” in the garden modeled after the Petit Trianon’s pavilion. He located this temple at the intersection of two perpendicular allées that crossed the park, making the structure the garden’s principal attraction, set picturesquely amidst the green lawns and foliage. He also had the park adorned with statues and busts honoring French poets. Jean de La Fontaine could be found there, along with Verlaine, during the fête described above. In 1912, he enlarged the property with the acquisition of an additional parcel that was to become the site of the Ermitage; it was here that he built the library.</p><br>
<p>The Marquise de Casati adapted the residence to accommodate her menagerie of exotic snakes. In the west wing’s winter garden, she installed two heated glass cages. Perhaps regrettably, the creatures did not survive. There are also hints of the delight she took in lavish entertaining. She should probably be credited for the backlit marble and alabaster sun that decorates the floor of the grand salon. On the other hand, she evidently did not make any changes to the park; it is unclear whether she continued to use the Ermitage as a library.</p><br>
<p>There were no substantial changes to the Palais Rose until it was purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Blumental in the early 1980s. (At this point, it was separate from the Ermitage.) The couple commissioned the Parisian architect Jean-Louis Cardin for the work. He modified the north, south, and west façades, as well as the building’s interior layout. He eliminated the mezzanine levels in the west wing, completely altering the arrangement of the rooms and remodeling the private apartment. On the exterior, he redid the balustrade, and restored the masonry, removing its gold patina. He applied stone surfacing to the base of the building to “emphasize its massiveness, which was necessary to display the main floor to the best advantage.” When the Blumentals purchased the Ermitage in April 1982, they again commissioned Jean-Louis Cardin to carry out the restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, SCI Palais Rose began restoration and renovation on an unprecedented scale. The work was not completed until 2005. Emad Khashoggi, a specialist in the restoration of historic monuments, directed this project undertaken by his company COGEMAD. The very extensive work performed resulted in a number of significant modifications, while conserving the portion of the building registered in the list of historic monuments.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling height of the lower level (ground floor) was increased from less than 7 feet to almost 11 feet by lowering the floor. All the windows were enlarged and converted to double French doors. This level now houses the private apartments, which were formerly located on the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>There was additional excavation to add a basement level, lit by skylights. This area is now used as recreational space and includes an exercise room, a film theatre, a swimming pool, a game room, and a garage.</p><br>
<p>The residence was comprehensively modernized, with new electrical, heating, plumbing, and home automation systems.</p><br>
<p>The former interior decoration was restored by specialized artisans from the Monuments Historiques organization. Highly skilled gilders, sculptors, cabinetmakers, marble workers, and masons refurbished the interiors using the traditional techniques of each craft.</p><br>
<p>A monumental 270 square foot staircase now connects the various levels.</p><br>
<p>The Ermitage has been modernized and is now a freestanding three-level structure that can accommodate guest apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Literary anecdotes</h2><br>
<p>The Palais Rose was used as the setting for one of the adventures of the famed gentleman thief Arsène Lupin: La Cagliostro se venge.</p><br>
<p>The Palais Rose in Vésinet has a significant role in the last novel by Camille de Peretti, published by Editions Stock in+- 2011, which tells the extraordinary tale of the Marquise de Casati.</p><br>
<p>The Fithian House is a historic house located at 116 N. Gilbert St. in Danville, Vermilion County Illinois. The Italianate house was built in 1855 for William Fithian. Fithian was a physician and a politician who served in the Illinois House of Representatives and Illinois Senate. In addition, Fithian donated land for and was the namesake of Fithian, Illinois, a Vermilion County village located west of Danville. Abraham Lincoln was a close friend of Fithian&#39;s, and while visiting Danville during his 1858 senatorial campaign, he stayed in the house and gave a speech from its second-floor balcony.</p><br>
<p>The house is now part of the Vermilion County Museum, a history museum which exhibits both the house&#39;s period interior and displays on local history and historical figures in a separate building.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 1, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Duchy of Baden  was a state in the southwest German Empire on the east bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and 1918.</p><br>
<p>It came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. It then became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1803–06 and was a sovereign country until it joined the German Empire in 1871, remaining a Grand Duchy until 1918 when it became part of the Weimar Republic as the Republic of Baden. Baden was bordered to the north by the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt; to the west, along most of its length, by the river Rhine, which separated Baden from the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate and Alsace in modern France; to the south by Switzerland; and to the east by the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Bavaria.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the French military government in 1945 created the state of Baden (originally known as "South Baden") out of the southern half of the former Baden, with Freiburg as its capital. This portion of the former Baden was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the old Baden. The northern half of the old Baden was combined with northern Württemberg, becoming part of the American military zone, and formed the state of Württemberg-Baden. Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of West Germany upon its formation in 1949.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 Baden merged with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern (southern Württemberg and the former Prussian exclave of Hohenzollern) to form Baden-Württemberg. This is the only merger of states that has taken place in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany.</p><br>
<p>The unofficial anthem of Baden is called "Badnerlied" (Song of the People of Baden) and consists of four or five traditional verses. However, over the years, many more verses have been added – there are collections with up to 591 verses of the anthem.</p><br>
<h2>Creation</h2><br>
<p>Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to Electoral dignity within the Holy Roman Empire. Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the German Confederation. During the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Baden was a centre of revolutionist activities. In 1849, in the course of the Baden Revolution, it was the only German state that became a republic for a short while, under the leadership of Lorenzo Brentano. The revolution in Baden was suppressed mainly by Prussian troops.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Duchy of Baden remained a sovereign country until it joined the German Empire in 1871. After the revolution of 1918, Baden became part of the Weimar Republic as the Republic of Baden.</p><br>
<h2>French Revolution and Napoleon</h2><br>
<p>When the French Revolution threatened to overflow into the rest of Europe in 1792, Baden joined forces against France, and its countryside was devastated once more. In 1796, the margrave Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden, was compelled to pay an indemnity and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. Fortune, however, soon returned to his side. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of Alexander I, emperor of Russia, he received the bishopric of Konstanz, part of the Rhenish Palatinate, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a prince-elector. Changing sides in 1805, he fought for Napoleon, with the result that, by the peace of Pressburg in that year, he obtained the Breisgau and other territories at the expense of the Habsburgs (see Further Austria). In 1806, he joined the Confederation of the Rhine, declared himself a sovereign prince, became a grand duke, and received additional territory.</p><br>
<p>The Baden contingent continued to assist France, and by the Peace of Vienna in 1809, the grand duke was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the Kingdom of Württemberg. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson, Charles, Grand Duke of Baden, who was married to Stéphanie de Beauharnais (1789–1860), a cousin of Empress Josephine&#39;s first husband who had been adopted by Napoleon I.</p><br>
<p>Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, when he joined the Allies.</p><br>
<h2>Baden in the German Confederation</h2><br>
<p>In 1815 Baden became a member of the German Confederation established by the Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute.</p><br>
<p>The treaty of 16 April 1816, by which the territorial disputes between Austria and Bavaria were settled, guaranteed the succession of the Baden Palatinate to King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, upon the expected event of the extinction of the line of Zähringen. As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a pragmatic sanction (Hausgesetz) declaring the counts of Höchberg, the issue of a morganatic marriage between the grand-duke Charles Frederick and Luise Geyer von Geyersberg (created countess Höchberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Höchberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at Frankfurt on 10 July 1819.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for the Höchberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the Act of Confederation, a liberal constitution, under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for legislation and taxation. The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states.</p><br>
<p>In Baden, the conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the National Convention (1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke Louis I (ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818, was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient bureaucrats.</p><br>
<p>The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the Carlsbad Decrees in October 1819, the Grand Duke had prorogued the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote on the military budget, the Grand Duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence.</p><br>
<p>In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke Leopold (ruled 1830–1852), the first of the Höchberg line. The July Revolution (1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new Grand Duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of Liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832, the adhesion of Baden to the Prussian Zollverein did much for the material prosperity of the country.</p><br>
<h2>1849 Baden Revolution</h2><br>
<p>By 1847, radicalism once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at Offenburg passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national militia, which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a progressive income tax, and a fair adjustment of the interests of capital and labour.</p><br>
<p>The news of the revolution of February 1848 in Paris brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm, proclaimed an amnesty and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more Liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at Frankfurt, empowered to vote for the establishment of a parliament for a united Germany.</p><br>
<p>Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which was mastered without much difficulty. The uprising, led by Friedrich Hecker and Franz Joseph Trefzger, was lost at Kandern on 20 April 1848. Freiburg, which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German legion, which had invaded Baden from Strasbourg, was routed at Dossenbach.</p><br>
<p>In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with the resolutions of the Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a constituent assembly on 10 February, 1849.</p><br>
<p>The new insurrection that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military mutiny at Rastatt on 11 May showed that the army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at Karlsruhe forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the diet under Lorenz Brentano (1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in the capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government.</p><br>
<p>This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the constituent diet, consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile, the Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which Berlin granted on the condition that Baden would join the League of the Three Kings.</p><br>
<p>From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The Prussians, under Prince William (afterwards William I, German Emperor), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical Gustav Struve and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole, Ludwig Mieroslawski (1814–1878), in his place.</p><br>
<p>Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at Waghausel, and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at the end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at Freiburg, dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time. Franz Trefzger managed to escape to Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>Grand Duke Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government.</p><br>
<h2>1850–1866</h2><br>
<p>Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son, Frederick, as regent, since the eldest, Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden (died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest. In the greater politics of Germany, Baden between 1850 and 1866 was a consistent supporter of Austria. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria&#39;s contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian army of the Main. However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the Battle of Werbach, the second chamber petitioned the Grand Duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia.</p><br>
<h2>Towards the German Empire</h2><br>
<p>Grand Duke Frederick I (ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the Schleswig-Holstein question. The ministry, as one, resigned. Baden announced her withdrawal from the German Confederation and, on 17 August 1866, signed a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia. Bismarck himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the North German Confederation. He had no wish to give Napoleon III of France a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The troops of Baden took a conspicuous share in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at Versailles, was the first to hail the king of Prussia as German emperor.</p><br>
<h2>Kulturkampf</h2><br>
<p>The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of religion. The signing on 28 June 1859 of a concordat with the Holy See, which placed education under the oversight of the clergy and facilitated the establishment of religious institutes, led to a constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of secular principles, making the communes responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and Catholicism, however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred: responsibility of ministers, freedom of the press, and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations. The archbishop of Freiburg resisted, and, on his death in April 1868, the see remained vacant.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, the introduction of civil marriage did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870. The Kulturkampf raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of Old Catholic communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled.</p><br>
<h2>Baden in the German Empire</h2><br>
<p>The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the National Liberals had but a majority of one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with the aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of Ultramontanes, Socialists, Social Democrats and Radicals (Freisinnige) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.</p><br>
<p>Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of the Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the German Empire in 1871, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax beer and spirits. The army, the post-office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia.</p><br>
<p>In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by particularist ambitions. His position as husband of the emperor William I&#39;s only daughter, Louise (whom he had married in 1856), gave him a peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King Edward VII sent him, by the hands of the Duke of Connaught, the order of the Garter. But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by Le Temps, the leading Parisian paper:</p><br>
<p>Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was Napoleon, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the emperor of Russia. It was he who after Austerlitz aggrandized the margravate at the expense of Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of Württemberg on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends ("de bric et de broc") and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age.</p><br>
<p>Grand Duke Frederick I died at Mainau on 28 September 1907. He was succeeded by his son, the Grand Duke Frederick II (ruled 1907–1918, died 1928).</p><br>
<h2>Constitution and Government</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary monarchy with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a representative assembly (Landtag) consisting of two chambers.</p><br>
<p>The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the Archbishop of Freiburg, the president of the Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden, a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the chamber of commerce, two by that of agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke.</p><br>
<p>The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a pauper, had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected the Wahlmänner (deputy electors), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years.</p><br>
<p>The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education.</p><br>
<p>The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect taxes, the railways and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.</p><br>
<p>The supreme courts lay in Karlsruhe, Freiburg, Offenburg, Heidelberg, Mosbach, Waldshut, Konstanz, and Mannheim, from which appeals passed to the Reichsgericht (the supreme tribunal) in Leipzig.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was a margraviate, with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km²) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km²) and a population of 2,010,728. Of that number, 61% were Roman Catholics, 37% Protestants, 1.5% Jews, and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330 /sqmi.</p><br>
<p>The country was divided into the following districts:</p><br>
<p>Mannheim district had the towns Mannheim, and Heidelberg</p><br>
<p>Karlsruhe district included Karlsruhe and Pforzheim</p><br>
<p>Freiburg im Breisgau district included Freiburg</p><br>
<p>Konstanz district had Konstanz</p><br>
<p>The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included Rastatt, Baden-Baden, Bruchsal, Lahr and Offenburg. The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of Basel. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of Murg being descended from the Alemanni and those to the north from the Franks, while the Swabian Plateau derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (Schwaben), who lived in Württemberg.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Duchy had an area of 15,081 km&sup2; and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the Rhine and of the mountains which form its boundary.</p><br>
<p>The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From Lake Constance in the south to the river Neckar in the north is a portion of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), which is divided by the valley of the Kinzig into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m), and the highest summit, the Feldberg, reaches about 1,493 m, while to the north the mean height is only 640 m, and the Hornisgrinde, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 m. To the north of the Neckar is the Odenwald Range, with a mean of 439 m, and in the Katzenbuckel, an extreme of 603 m. Lying between the Rhine and the Dreisam is the Kaiserstuhl, an independent volcanic group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 m.</p><br>
<p>The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the Main and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the Danube, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the Mummelsee, Wildersee, Eichenersee and Schluchsee, but none of them is of any significant size. Lake Constance (Bodensee) belongs partly to the German federal states (Länder) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to Austria and Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>Owing to its physical configuration, Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the South. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is approximately 10 &deg;C and that of the high table-land 6 &deg;C. July is the hottest month and January the coldest.</p><br>
<p>The mineral wealth of Baden was not great, but iron, coal, lead and zinc of excellent quality were produced; silver, copper, gold, cobalt, vitriol and sulfur were obtained in small quantities. Peat was found in abundance, as well as gypsum, china clay, potter&#39;s earth and salt. The mineral springs of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of Baden-Baden, Badenweiler, Antogast, Griesbach, Friersbach and Peterthal being the most frequented.</p><br>
<p>In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley, spelt, rye, beans, potatoes, flax, hemp, hops, beetroot and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part, rye, wheat and oats are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs and goats is extensively practised. Of game, deer, boar, snipe and wild partridges are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield trout of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the wines continue to sell well. The Baden wine region is Germany&#39;s third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The gardens and the orchards supply an abundance of fruit, especially sweet cherries, plums, apples and walnuts, and bee-keeping is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these, the predominant trees are European beech and silver fir, but many others, such as sweet chestnut, Scots pine, Norway spruce and the exotic coast Douglas-fir, are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual timber production is exported.</p><br>
<h2>Industries</h2><br>
<p>Around 1910, 56.8% of the regions land mass was cultivated and 38% was forested. Before 1870, the agricultural sector was responsible for the bulk of the regions wealth, but this was superseded by industrial production. The chief products were machinery, woollen and cotton goods, silk ribbons, paper, tobacco, china, leather, glass, clocks, jewellery, and chemicals. Beet sugar was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden ornaments and toys, music boxes and organs.</p><br>
<p>The exports of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods, and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The country had many railways and roads, as well as the Rhine for transporting goods by ship. Railways were run by the state as the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen). A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.</p><br>
<p>Mannheim was the great market centre for exports down the Rhine and had substantial river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy, and an important administrative centre for the northern part of the country.</p><br>
<h2>Education and religion</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous educational institutions in Baden. All public education is state controlled. There are five universities, one traditionally Protestant in Heidelberg, one traditionally Roman Catholic in Freiburg im Breisgau, one each in Konstanz and Mannheim, and a well-known technical university in Karlsruhe.</p><br>
<p>The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the Evangelical Church was governed by a nominated council and a synod consisting of a "prelate", 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Freiburg is Metropolitan of the Upper Rhine.</p><br>
<h2>Grand Dukes of Baden</h2><br>
<p>1806–1811: Charles Frederick (1728–1811)</p><br>
<p>1811–1818: Charles (1786–1818)</p><br>
<p>1818–1830: Louis I (1763–1830)</p><br>
<p>1830–1852: Leopold (1790–1852)</p><br>
<p>1852–1858: Louis II (1824–1858)</p><br>
<p>1858–1907: Frederick I (1826–1907), (since 1852 Regent, since 1856 with the title Grand Duke)</p><br>
<p>1907–1918: Frederick II (1857–1928)</p><br>
<h2>Minister of state (1809–1918)</h2><br>
<p>1809–1810: Sigismund von Reitzenstein</p><br>
<p>1810–1810: Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck</p><br>
<p>1810–1812: Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim</p><br>
<p>1812–1817: Karl Christian von Berckheim</p><br>
<p>1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein</p><br>
<p>1818–1831: Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett</p><br>
<p>1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein</p><br>
<p>1833–1838: Ludwig Georg von Winter</p><br>
<p>1838–1839: Karl Friedrich Nebenius</p><br>
<p>1839–1843: Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf</p><br>
<p>1843–1845: Christian Friedrich von Boeckh</p><br>
<p>1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius</p><br>
<p>1846–1848: Johann Baptist Bekk</p><br>
<p>1848–1849: Karl Georg Hoffmann</p><br>
<p>1849–1850: Friedrich Adolf Klüber</p><br>
<p>1850–1856: Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim</p><br>
<p>1856–1860: Franz von Stengel</p><br>
<p>1861–1866: Anton von Stabel</p><br>
<p>1866–1868: Karl Mathy</p><br>
<p>1868–1876: Julius Jolly</p><br>
<p>1876–1893: Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban</p><br>
<p>1893–1901: Franz Wilhelm Nokk</p><br>
<p>1901–1905: Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer</p><br>
<p>1905–1917: Alexander von Dusch</p><br>
<p>1917–1918: Heinrich von Bodman</p><br>
<p>Welsh Neck–Long Bluff–Society Hill Historic District is a national historic district located near Bennettsville, Darlington County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 250 contributing buildings in the communities of Welsh Neck, Long Bluff, and Society Hill. The Welsh Neck community was an early religious center  for the Pee Dee region, and Long Bluff served as a judicial center. The courthouse at Long Bluff, with its jail, tavern, and supporting buildings, was a center of activity for the Upper Pee Dee region during the Revolution. Few small communities have contributed more to the public in the way of culture, education and leadership than has Society Hill. It has numbered among its population outstanding leaders in religion and education, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, authors, and agriculturists. The Society Hill Library Society was formed in 1822. This group grew out of the St. David’s Society, founded 1777 in Cheraw, which had a widespread influence and was a main factor in making Society Hill a center of intelligent leadership in the Pee Dee for a century and a half.</p><br>
<p>This is a rural community with many fine antebellum homes in the Georgian mode. Constructed on large lots or in wooden settings, many are two-storied clapboard structures with one-story front verandahs. Nineteenth century mercantile establishments still operate in unadorned frame buildings of a purely functional design. Notable buildings include the Judge Josiah H. Evans House, Enoch Hanford House, Wilson House, Welsh Neck Baptist Church and Parsonage, W. A. Carragan House, Trinity Church, Coker and Rogers Store, Old Society Hill Library, and John K. McIver House. Welsh Neck and Long Bluff, both now unoccupied wooded areas, are considered excellent potential archaeological sites.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Cashua Street–Spring Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Darlington, Darlington County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 39 contributing buildings in a residential section of Darlington. The district includes a significant collection of intact residences constructed between about 1890 and 1930. Many of the homes were owned by prominent Darlington citizens. The residences along Cashua Street are large, two-story frame dwellings while the residences along Spring Street are smaller, one-story frame houses. Most of the residences have decorative woodwork and are significant examples of the builder’s art. Architectural styles include Victorian, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow. The buildings are situated on large lots that are planted with trees and shrubs. and</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Darlington Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Darlington, Darlington County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 21 contributing commercial buildings in the central business district of Darlington, and built between about 1870 and 1935. The one, two, and three-part commercial buildings exhibit typical turn-of-the-20th century building styles, with brick detailing and, in some cases, cast-iron storefronts. Notable buildings include the Smith Building, Hill Building, Coggeshall Building, McLellans Dept. Store, Wolfram Building, Jewels Deluxe Cafe, Coleman Building, Manne Buildling, "The Darlington News" Building, and Bank of Darlington.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Darlington Industrial Historic District is a national historic district located at Darlington, Darlington County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 12 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in an industrial section of Darlington. They were built between about 1890 and 1925. All of these buildings are located along the rights-of-way of the South Carolina Western Railway and the Charleston, Sumter and Northern Railroad since the industries each of these buildings served employed the services of the railroad. Among the prominent resources in the district are the Charleston, Sumter and Northern Railway Freight Station , the Darlington Roller Mill , Thomas and Howard Tobacco Warehouse ; and Price’s Tobacco Warehouse , and a cotton warehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Parish Church of St Nicholas and the Blessed Virgin Mary at Stowey within the English county of Somerset dates from the 13th century. It is a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>There may have been a wooden church on the site at the time of the Domesday book, although the first written record from the Bath cartulary is of 1235. The oldest part of the current stone church is the chancel at the eastern end, which now contains the altar and has a small priest&#39;s door, above which is a small carved figure. The nave was added in the 14th century. The three-stage tower, which was added in the 14th or early 15th century, is supported by diagonal buttresses and has a stair turret in the northeast corner. It has six bells which are regularly rung for services. Five of the bells are from the local foundry of the Bilbie family, to which a sixth from the Whitechapel Bell Foundry was added in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The church, which is adjacent to Stowey House, is built of the same local red sandstone, with alternating lias and red sandstone bands to the nave. It has a tiled roof above the chancel, while the nave and north porch have a slate roof. The church was altered in the 17th century, and in the 19th it underwent a Victorian restoration that included replacement of part of the roof and removal of the double-decker pulpit and a gallery.</p><br>
<p>Inside the church are wall paintings by Henry Strachey from the early 20th century. There are life-sized representations of St Nicholas and St Mary on either side of the altar. Also in the chancel are paintings of the miraculous Feeding the multitude and of disciples on the road to Emmaus. The Last Judgment is pictured over the chancel arch with an equal number of angels of light and darkness.</p><br>
<p>There are also wall monuments from the mid-18th century by Thomas Paty and other sculptors, commemorating the Jones and Sandford families. The font is from the 14th century. The organ was installed in the 1930s and electrified when electricity was brought into the church in 1965. Above the entrance door is a funerary hatchment which was made to celebrate the restoration of Charles II in 1660.</p><br>
<p>During the 16th or 17th century, the parish was a chapelry of Chew Magna. The parish is now part of the benefice of Clutton with Cameley, Bishop Sutton and Stowey within the archdeaconry of Bath.</p><br>
